| Glossary
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Chapter 9
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age structure
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Percentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population.
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birth rate
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See crude birth rate.
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crude birth rate
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Annual number of live births per 1,000 people in the
population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year. Compare
crude death rate.
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crude death rate
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Annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a
geographic area at the midpoint of a given year. Compare crude birth
rate.
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death rate
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See crude death rate.
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demographic transition
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Hypothesis that countries, as they become industrialized, have
declines in death rates followed by declines in birth rates.
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emigration
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Movement of people out of a specific geographic area. See migration. Compare immigration.
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family planning
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Providing information, clinical services, and contraceptives
to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to
have.
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fertility
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The number of births that occur to an individual woman or in a population.
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immigration
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Migration of people into a country or area to take up permanent residence.
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infant mortality rate
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Number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year that die before their first birthday.
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life expectancy
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Average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live.
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migration
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Movement of people into and out of a specific geographic area. See immigration, emigration.
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population change
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An increase or decrease in the size of a population. It is
equal to (Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration).
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replacement-level fertility
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Number of children a couple must have to replace them. The
average for a country or the world usually is slightly higher than 2
children per couple (2.1 in the United States and 2.5 in some developing
countries) because some children die before reaching their reproductive
years. See also total fertility rate.
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total fertility rate (TFR)
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Estimate of the average number of children who will be born
alive to a woman during her lifetime if she passes through all her
childbearing years (ages 15-44) conforming to age-specific
fertility rates of a given year. In simpler terms, it is an estimate of
the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing
years.
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